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Fluxgate directional assembly are composed of accelerometer sensors and fluxgate sensors, which are mainly used in directional drilling, petroleum industry and other fields to measure borehole inclination, azimuth angle and tool face angle. Directional drilling in the petroleum industry began in the late 19th century, when rotary drilling technology was introduced to replace the old ton drill drilling, without considering the problem of stabilizing the drill string to control the trajectory of the hole. However, borehole measurements showed that the early “vertical” boreholes were far from “vertical”. In both vertical and directional drilling, it is necessary to determine the location of the borehole below the surface. This requires the use of measuring instruments that can measure inclination and azimuth along the wellbore at different depths. The position of the hole relative to the surface can be calculated from the accumulated measurement results.
In this paper, the structure and working principle of fluxgate directional assembly will be introduced, and the main measuring borehole inclination angle, tool face angle and azimuth angle will be introduced.
The acceleration sensor adopts magnetic-liquid suspension gravity acceleration sensor, which has the characteristics of strong impact resistance and small size, and its accuracy is about ± 0.1%. The structure is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. MEMS gyroscope drive mode control structure block diagram
According to the dynamic equation of the driving mode of the vibrating MEMS gyroscope, the continuous domain transfer function can be obtained by Laplace transform:
Where, mx is the equivalent mass of the gyroscope drive mode, ωx=√kx/mx is the resonant frequency of the drive mode, and Qx = mxωx/cx is the quality factor of the drive mode.
According to the analysis of the detection capacitance of the comb teeth, the displacement-capacitance conversion link is linear when the edge effect is ignored, and the gain of the differential capacitance changing with the displacement can be expressed as:
Where, nx is the number of active combs driven by gyroscopic mode, ε0 is the vacuum dielectric constant, hx is the thickness of the driving detection combs, lx is the overlap length of the driving detection active and fixed combs at rest, and dx is the distance between the teeth.
The capacitor-voltage conversion circuit used in this paper is a ring diode circuit, and its schematic diagram is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of ring diode circuit
In the figure, C1 and C2 are gyroscope differential detection capacitors, C3 and C4 are demodulation capacitors, and Vca are square wave amplitudes. The working principle is: when the square wave is in the positive half cycle, the diode D2 and D4 are switched on, then the capacitor C1 charges C4 and C2 charges C3; When the square wave is in positive half period, the diodes D1 and D3 are switched on, then the capacitor C1 discharges to C3 and C2 discharges to C4. In this way, after several square wave cycles, the voltage on the demodulated capacitors C3 and C4 will stabilize. Its voltage expression is:
For the silicon micromechanical gyroscope studied in this paper, its static capacitance is in the order of several pF, and the capacitance variation is less than 0.5pF, while the demodulation capacitance used in the circuit is in the order of 100 pF, so there are CC0》∆C and C2》∆C2, and the capacitor voltage conversion gain is obtained by simplified formula:
Where, Kpa is the amplification factor of the differential amplifier, C0 is the demodulation capacitance, C is the static capacitance of the detection capacitance, Vca is the carrier amplitude, and VD is the on-voltage drop of the diode.
Phase control is an important part of MEMS gyroscope drive control. The phase-locked loop technology can track the frequency change of the input signal in its captured frequency band and lock the phase shift. Therefore, this paper uses the phase-locked loop technology to enter the phase control of the gyroscope, and its basic structure block diagram is shown in Figure 3.
Figure. 3 Block diagram of the basic structure of PLL
PLL is a negative feedback phase automatic regulation system, its working principle can be summarized as follows: The external input signal ui(t) and the feedback signal uo(t) output of the VCO are input to the phase discriminator at the same time to complete the phase comparison of the two signals, and the output end of the phase discriminator outputs an error voltage signal ud(t) reflecting the phase difference θe(t) of the two signals; The signal through the loop filter will filter out the high-frequency components and noise, get a voltage control oscillator uc(t), the voltage control oscillator will adjust the frequency of the output signal according to this control voltage, so that it gradually closer to the frequency of the input signal, and the final output signal uo(t), When the frequency of ui(t) is equal to uo(t) or a stable value, the loop reaches a locked state.
Automatic gain control (AGC) is a closed-loop negative feedback system with amplitude control, which, combined with phase-locked loop, provides amplitude and phase stable vibration for the gyroscope drive mode. Its structure diagram is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Automatic gain control structure block diagram
The working principle of automatic gain control can be summarized as follows: the signal ui(t) with the gyroscope drive displacement information is input to the amplitude detection link, the drive displacement amplitude signal is extracted by multiplication demodulation, and then the high-frequency component and noise are filtered by low-pass filter; At this time, the signal is a relatively pure DC voltage signal that characterizes the drive displacement, and then controls the signal at the given reference value through a PI link, and outputs the electric signal ua(t) that controls the drive amplitude to complete the amplitude control.
In this paper, the driving mode control loop of MEMS gyro is introduced, including model, dislock-capacitance conversion, capacitance-voltage conversion, phase-locked loop and automatic gain control. As a manufacturer of MEMS gyro sensor, Micro-Magic Inc has done detailed research on MEMS gyros, and often popularized and shared the relevant knowledge of MEMS gyro. For a deeper understanding of MEMS gyro, you can refer to the parameters of MG-501 and MG1001.
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